Femoroacetabular impingement: what it is and how it is treated
Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) is a condition affecting the hip joint, causing pain and potentially leading to damage to the cartilage and the acetabular labrum. In this article we explore what femoroacetabular impingement is, its causes, symptoms, diagnosis and the treatment options available.
What is femoroacetabular impingement?
Femoroacetabular impingement occurs when there is a change in the hip joint whereby the head of the femur (thigh bone) and the acetabulum (the socket in the pelvis) do not fit together properly. This can cause abnormal friction between these structures as the hip moves, resulting in pain and, in some cases, injury.
Causes of femoroacetabular impingement:
There are two main types of FAI:
Cam type: characterised by an abnormally shaped femoral head that doesn't fit correctly into the acetabulum. This can cause excessive impact when the hip bends.
Pincer type: occurs when the acetabulum over-covers the femoral head. This can lead to increased friction between the structures.
Causes of FAI may include genetic factors, developmental changes in the hip joint and repetitive physical activities that cause wear.
Symptoms of femoroacetabular impingement:
Symptoms of FAI may include:
Groin or hip pain that worsens with physical activity.
Restricted hip range of motion.
Clicking or locking in the hip during movement.
Pain radiating to the thigh or buttocks.
Diagnosing femoroacetabular impingement:
Diagnosing FAI involves a combination of clinical examination, medical history and imaging such as X-rays, MRI or CT scans. The doctor will assess the anatomy of the hip joint and any evidence of injury or wear.
Treatment options for femoroacetabular impingement:
Treatment for FAI varies with the severity of the condition and may include:
Physiotherapy: specific strengthening and stretching exercises can help improve hip stability and mobility.
Medication: painkillers and anti-inflammatories can relieve pain and inflammation.
Hyaluronic acid or platelet-rich plasma injections: which should only be performed under ultrasound guidance, can be used to reduce inflammation in the hip joint.
Surgery: in severe cases or when conservative treatment is not effective, surgery may be needed. Surgical options include bone resection (to relieve friction) or repair of labral tears.
Conclusion
Femoroacetabular impingement is a hip condition that can cause pain and limit mobility. If you have symptoms of FAI, it is important to see a doctor. Early diagnosis and the right treatment can help relieve pain, restore function and avoid long-term complications, improving the patient's quality of life.
Dr. Miguel Reis e Silva
Doctor at Sport Lisboa e Benfica
Medical Director and Founder of Clínica Myalgia
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